Which of these beliefs is associated with Voltaire?

Voltaire is primarily recognized for his advocacy of civil liberties, and one of his most prominent beliefs was the importance of freedom of speech, particularly as a counter to oppressive governments. He famously remarked, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it,” which encapsulates his commitment to the principle that individuals should be free to express their opinions, even if those views oppose established authority or popular belief.

This emphasis on free expression was rooted in his critique of the state and the religious institutions of his time, which often stifled dissent and enforced conformity. Voltaire used satire and his writings to challenge the status quo and advocate for reform, viewing free speech as an essential tool for progress and the protection of individual liberties.

In contrast, other potential beliefs attributed to him, such as the promotion of absolute monarchy, the denial of natural rights, or discouraging criticism of the Catholic Church, do not correspond with his philosophical positions. Instead, Voltaire often criticized absolute power and challenged the religious dogmas of his day, underscoring the importance of reason, tolerance, and justice in society.