Which of the following is known as one of the earliest civilizations in Mesoamerica?

The Olmec civilization is recognized as one of the earliest civilizations in Mesoamerica, thriving from approximately 1400 to 400 BCE. They are often referred to as the "mother culture" of later Mesoamerican societies due to their significant cultural influence on subsequent civilizations such as the Maya and Aztec. The Olmec are known for their colossal stone heads, monumental architecture, and as one of the first to develop a writing system and a calendar in the region.

Their contributions to art, religion, and urban planning laid foundational aspects that shaped the cultural practices of later Mesoamerican civilizations. By establishing complex societal structures and trade networks, the Olmec set a precedent for future cultures in the area.

Other civilizations listed, such as the Inca, Aztec, and Maya, emerged later, with the Inca being based in South America and the Aztec and Maya rising to prominence after the Olmec. Thus, the Olmec hold a crucial historical position as pioneers of the rich tapestry of Mesoamerican history.