Which civilization is recognized as the most influential in the Valley of Oaxaca?

The Zapotec civilization is recognized as the most influential in the Valley of Oaxaca due to its significant cultural, architectural, and societal contributions to the region. The Zapotecs developed one of Mesoamerica's earliest urban centers, Monte Albán, which served as a political and economic hub. They established a complex society with a hierarchy and governance system, advanced agricultural techniques, and a writing system that reflects their contributions to Mesoamerican culture. Their influence extended beyond the Valley of Oaxaca, impacting neighboring regions through trade, military conquests, and cultural exchanges.

In contrast, while the Olmec are often considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, their influence is more broadly based in the Gulf Coast region and not specifically tied to the Valley of Oaxaca. The Maya civilization, although highly influential throughout Mesoamerica, primarily occupied the Yucatán Peninsula and surrounding areas, with less direct influence in Oaxaca. The Inca civilization was centered in South America, specifically in the Andean region, with no significant presence in Oaxaca. Thus, the recognition of the Zapotecs as the most influential civilization in the Valley of Oaxaca is rooted in their direct and lasting impact on the structure and development of the region.