What was primarily needed for a central government to function effectively in ancient societies?

A central government in ancient societies required an organized defense and military to function effectively primarily because it needed to protect its territory and maintain order. The presence of a military allowed the government to defend against external threats, such as invasions from rival states or tribes, and assert control over its citizens. This military capability was essential for maintaining the authority of the government and ensuring stability within its borders.

In the context of ancient civilizations, the military often played a crucial role not just in defense, but also in the expansion of territory and the enforcement of laws and regulations. A strong military could suppress revolts, enforce trade routes, and prevent rebellions, thereby consolidating the power of the central government.

While other aspects like complete independence from local leaders or reliance on foreign advisors might contribute to governance, they do not address the immediate and practical need for security and stability that a defense and military provide. Similarly, an artistic aesthetic, although culturally significant, does not play a direct role in the fundamental functioning of governance and protection in ancient societies. Thus, organized defense and military are identified as the primary necessities for effective central governance in such contexts.